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|Summary='''Ludwik Fleck ''' (1896–1961) was a Polish-Jewish microbiologist, whose writings made an important early contribution to the historical philosophy and sociology of science. He was a pioneer in the social epistemology of science,[[CiteRef::Sady (2016)]] and is seen as a significant influence on Thomas Kuhn’s ''Structure of Scientific Revolutions''.[[CiteRef::Babich (2003)]] Fleck developed a descriptive system of scientific communities, called ''thought-collectives'' (''Denkkollektiv'') with incommensurable ''thought-styles'' (''Denkstil''), and focused on the historical development and fallibility of “facts” as a result of faulty social constructions.
Fleck wrote the primary elements of his concept of thought-collectives and thought-styles in German before the Second World War in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), notably in the 1935 book ''Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact'', and his 1936 paper ''The Problem of Epistemology''. The invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and Fleck’s capture in 1941 prevented further development of Fleck’s philosophy until after the war.