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|Description=From our modern perspective, we might judge the geocentric [[Aristotle| Aristotelean-Ptolemaic cosmology's]] claim that the earth is stationary at the center of the universe as an error. The sense of error we are interested in here is not this absolute sense of error judged from a future perspective. Instead, our definition takes the perspective of the historical [[Epistemic Agent| agent]] and the [[Mechanism of Method Employment | method employed]] by the agent at that time. Our definition is grounded in [[Mechanism of Theory Acceptance| the law of theory acceptance]]. When a [[Theory| theory]] is erroneously accepted, the [[Nature of Appraisal| assessing]] agent believes it has satisfied the requirements of their employed method when, in fact, it has not. Error may be due to honest error by the epistemic agent that created the theory, or to scientific misconduct--actions which the theory-creator agent is aware violate the epistemic and moral [[Normative Theory | norms]] of scientific inquiry accepted at the time.