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Mechanism of Mosaic Split (view source)
Revision as of 18:23, 26 February 2023
, 18:23, 26 February 2023no edit summary
|Question=What happens to a mosaic when two or more similar theories are considered equally acceptable by a '''scientific community'''? Under what conditions does a '''mosaic split''' occur? What happens to a ''mosaic'' when it is transformed into two or more ''mosaics''?
|Topic Type=Descriptive
|Description=If There have been many cases in the history of science when one [[Scientific Community|community,]] with a single [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]] divided into two or more competing communities, with different mosaics. These distinct communities would differ regarding at least one of their [[Theory Acceptance|accepted theories are considered equally acceptable ]] or [[Employed Method|employed methods]]. For example, consider the case of the distinct mosaics of French and English natural philosophers in the early part of the 18th century. The former accepted a version of Cartesian theory while the latter accepted a version of Newtonian theory.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|p. 203]] We can see by various indicators[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 113-120]] that the dispute between these two communities was not a simple matter of scientific communitydisagreement, like the contemporary dispute between various interpretations of quantum mechanics. In the case of quantum mechanics, even those who advocate alternatives acknowledge that the community can divide itself based on which theory they choose Copenhagen Interpretation is currently accepted.[[CiteRef::Faye (2014)]] [[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|p. 202]] Such contender theories are said to acceptancebe [[Theory Pursuit|pursued]]. When this division occurs, What makes the situation in the mosaic case of the community 18th century French and English communities different is transformed into that the two accepted different theories (Cartesian and Newtonian natural philosophies, respectively). In such a case we are justified to regard these as two or more mosaicsdistinct communities, each bearing its own mosaic. Understanding how and why this sort of situations arise is an important task.
|Parent Topic=Mechanism of Scientific Change
|Authors List=Hakob Barseghyan,
|Formulated Year=2015
|Prehistory=Traditionally the topic of why communities of scientists accept different theories has been an enigma for historians and philosophers of science, although the problem has been known about for some time. In the ''Categories'' for example, Aristotle grappled with the question of false belief and how false beliefs came to be acquired, and the significance of the question for science and epistemology.[[CiteRef::Miller (2013)|pp. 289-290]] Here we are not concerned with judging the truth or falsity of beliefs, but rather with the question of how ''divergent'' beliefs arise in epistemic communities.
Pre-Kuhnian philosophers' typical response to divergent community beliefs has largely depended on their views of scientific change more generally. An example of this is the work of [[Karl Popper]]. Popper regarded scientific change as being a process of conjectures and refutations, "of boldly proposing theories; of trying our best to show that these are erroneous; and of accepting them tentatively if our critical efforts are unsuccessful".[[CiteRef::Popper (1963)|p. 68]] Thus, Popper's approach suggested that any difference in the beliefs of certain communities could be chalked up to differences either in available knowledge (whether a conjecture had been refuted) or a difference in experimental methods (whether the same criteria were being applied in refutations). More generally, differences between philosophers of science during this period in their beliefs about how science changes coloured their views about what factors (or mistakes) present in difference communities were relevant to divergent scientific beliefs. This form of thinking with regards to differences in assessment of scientific theories - if not the exact formulation it takes - was generally held by "positivists" or "logical empiricists" and accepted until the historical turn in the 1960s.[[CiteRef::Laudan, Laudan, and Donovan (1988)|p. 4]]
It was not until after [[Thomas Kuhn|Thomas Kuhn's]] publication of his 'Structure of Scientific Revolutions' that the consensus about divergent beliefs was challenged.[[CiteRef::Bird (2008)]] Kuhn's "revolutionary" approach to scientific change radically diverged from his predecessors. On this view science has periods of ''normal science'' wherein the prevailing dogmas and core theories (the ''paradigm'') are unquestioned and science proceeds as a process of puzzle solving. This can be interrupted by a ''crisis'' in which mounting anomalies cause scientists to question the theoretical foundations of the paradigm.[[CiteRef::Kuhn (1962a)]] Crises may have no impact on normal science or they may result in a ''revolution''; which is what Kuhn calls "the emergence of a new candidate for paradigm and with the ensuing battle over its acceptance".[[CiteRef::Kuhn (1962a)|p. 84]] The present question of how divergent beliefs arise within communities fits nicely into this framework - a unified community starts by doing normal science, anomalies emerge within the paradigm, and a revolution occurs which splits the community. Subsequent work by philosophers in the field of scientific change would be coloured by the same kind of analysis of the historical record that shaped Kuhn's view of the subject, including the work done by [[Imre Lakatos]], [[Paul Feyerabend]], and [[Larry Laudan]].[[CiteRef::Laudan, Laudan, and Donovan (1988)|p. 5]]
One other approach to divergent community beliefs that deserves mention is the approach taken by the social sciences, namely the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) advanced principally by [[David Bloor]].[[CiteRef::Bloor (1976)]] SSK regards scientific activity as a kind human social activity and as such and area that falls under the purview of the social sciences.[[CiteRef::Longino (2015)]] As such, any divergence in community beliefs is the result of and explainable by sociological factors that contribute to belief formation.
|History=This question was proposed by [[Hakob Barseghyan]] in 2015 with the publishing of the ''Laws of Scientific Change''.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]]
|Related Topics=Mechanism of Theory Acceptance,
|Page Status=Editor Approved
}}
{{Acceptance Record
|Accepted From Day=1
|Accepted From Approximate=No
|Acceptance Indicators=That This is when the community accepted its first answer answers to this question, the [[Necessary Mosaic Split theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]] and the [[Possible Mosaic Split theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]], which indicates that the question is itself considered legitimate.
|Still Accepted=Yes
|Accepted Until Approximate=No
}}
