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Laudan perhaps comes the closest to acknowledging the distinction between method and methodology, but ultimately confuses them when explaining their respective roles.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]] Laudan’s reticulated model criticizes accepted views of the time by recognizing that the explicit methodologies scientists hold are often in opposition to actually employed methods. However, in explaining how methods are “constrained” (i.e. underdetermined) by theories and “justified” by axiological aims, Laudan seems to conflate methodologies of argumentation and the actual method that theories are evaluated by.[[CiteRef::Laudan (1984a)]] Barseghyan notes that other authors from Laudan’s period also conflated the terms, including Zahar and Leplin.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)]].

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