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* ''theory'' and ''method'' as the only two types of [[Epistemic Elements - Theories and Methods (Barseghyan-2015)|''epistemic elements'']] that undergo scientific change;[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 3-11]]
* three [[Epistemic Stances - Acceptance Use and Pursuit (Barseghyan-2015)|''epistemic stances'']] that can be taken towards ''theories'': ''acceptance'', ''use'', and ''pursuit'',[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 30-42]] as well as one epistemic stance that can be taken towards ''methods'', ''employment'';[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 52-62]]
* and ''community'' as the sole epistemic [[Epistemic Agents - Community (Barseghyan-2015)|''epistemic agent'' ]] capable of taking these stances towards theories and methods.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 43-52]]
Only ''descriptive'' theories were included in Barseghyan's original ontology, while the status of normative theories was left indeterminate due to the [[The Paradox of Normative Propositions|the paradox of normative propositions]].