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|Historical Context=Rudolf Carnap was educated at University of Jena from 1910 to 1914 in philosophy, mathematics, and physics. In 1914, his education was interrupted by WWI due to an obligation to serve in the German army. In 1919, Carnap returns to Jena to complete his studies and commence his own independent research in philosophy.[[CiteRef::Schilpp (Ed.) (1963)]]
In Jena, Carnap was a student of Gottlob Frege and through his lectures he was first introduced to modern logic.[[CiteRef::Schilpp (Ed.) (1963)|pp.3-34]] Carnap was highly impressed by Frege’s system- a formulation system built from two dimensions- propositional logic (connectives), and first-order and second-order logic (laws of mathematics). this is an extensional relation system that aims to provide a logical foundation for all mathematics .[[CiteRef:: Gottfried (122008). ]]
When Carnap returned to Jena after the war, he discovered another logician- Bertrand Russell. Carnap studied Russell’s Principia Mathematica and his symbolic logic of relations. Russell’s theory offered a solution to a contradiction to Frege’s system previously revealed by Russell (“Russell’s paradox”). Carnap was also influenced by Russell’s philosophical views which centered logic as method to conduct philosophy (11).
