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• Longino (1996)  + (Underdetermination arguments support the c … Underdetermination arguments support the conclusion that no amount of empirical</br>data can uniquely determine theory choice. The full content of a theory outreaches</br>those elements of it (the observational elements) that can be shown to be true (or in</br>agreement with actual observations).2 A number of strategies have been developed</br>to minimize the threat such arguments pose to our aspirations to scientific knowledge.</br>I want to focus on one such strategy: the invocation of additional criteria</br>drawn from a pool of cognitive or theoretical values, such as simplicity or generality,</br>to bolster judgements about the worth of models, theories, and hypotheses.</br>What is the status of such criteria? Larry Laudan, in Science and Values, argued</br>that cognitive values could not be treated as self-validating, beyond justification,</br>but are embedded in a three-way reticulational system containing theories,</br>methods, and aims or values, which are involved in mutually supportive relationships</br>(Laudan, 1984). My interest in this paper is not the purportedly selfvalidating</br>nature of cognitive values, but their cognitive nature. Although Laudan</br>rejects the idea that what he calls cognitive values are exempt from rational criticism</br>and disagreement, he does seem to think that the reticulational system he</br>identifies is independent of non-cognitive considerations. It is this cognitive/</br>non-cognitive distinction that I wish to query in this paper. Let me begin by summarizing</br>those of my own views about inquiry in which this worry about the</br>distinction arises.h this worry about the distinction arises.)

• Longino (1996)  +