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|Prehistory=In 1945, Carl Hempelthe early twentieth century, once a supporter of the Vienna Circle and a many logical empiricist, argued for empiricists supported a confirmationist view of theory assessment, in which theories are assessed on the basis of the balance of confirming and disconfirming evidence. In 1945, Carl Hempel, a logical empiricist and confirmationist, argued that an agent might take three stances towards a theory, accepting it, rejecting it, or withholding judgment, based on confirming or disconfirming evidence. [[CiteRef::Losee (2001)|p. 167-168]][[CiteRef::Hempel (1945)]]