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|Formulated Year=2016
|Academic Events=Scientonomy Seminar 2016,
|Prehistory=For most of the history of western science and philosophy, human individuals were treated as the primary epistemic agents. Exceptions include discussions Discussion of the role of social interaction in the production of knowledge was confined largely discussion of when one should accept the testimony of others in the works of [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) and [[Thomas Reid]] (1710-1796). [[CiteRef::Goldman and Blanchard (2016)]]
In the nineteenth century, the British philosopher and political economist [[John S. Mill|John Stuart Mill]] (1806-1873) argued, in a political essay called ''On Liberty'' (1859), [[CiteRef:: Mill (2003)]] that because individual human knowers are fallible, the critical discussion of ideas is necessary to help individuals avoid the falsity or partiality of beliefs framed in the context of only one point of view. The achievement of knowledge is thus a social rather than an individual matter. [[CiteRef::Longino (2016a)]] The American philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) emphasized the instigation of doubt and critical interaction within a community as means to knowledge. He formulated a consensual theory of truth, in which the acceptance of the truth of a proposition depends on the agreement of a community of inquirers. For Peirce then, communities are epistemic agents that can take stances towards propositions. [[CiteRef::Peirce (1878)]][[CiteRef::Longino (2016a)]]
