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He recognized that theories always face "an ocean of anomalies" but saw this as only becoming significant when a new rival theory makes a successful novel prediction. [[CiteRef::Lakatos (1971a)| pp. 111, 126-128]]. The later [[Larry Laudan]] agreed with the concept of comparative appraisal. [[CiteRef::Laudan (1984)]] In his reticulated model of scienceHowever, theory choice is determined by the methods employed at the time. The methods in turn are determined by the accepted theories. Lakatos is an important precursor to modern scientonomy. The traditional comparative procedure of theory appraisal only accounts for two competing theories, some method of assessment, and some relative evidence. What the traditional version of comparativism does not take into account is that all theory assessment takes place within a specific historical context.[[CiteRef::Barseghyan (2015)|pp. 186-196]]
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[[Thomas Kuhn]][[CiteRef::Kuhn (1962)]] saw theories as forming interrelated groups united under the banner of what he called a '''paradigm'''. Paradigms were defined as "coherent traditions of scientific research" [[CiteRef::Kuhn (1962)| p. 10]]. Appraisal was thus contextual. Scientific development alternated between periods of normal science and scientific revolutions. In normal science the paradigm guides the explanation of a widening range of phenomena. The accumulation of anomalies which resist explanation can result in a scientific revolution, in which one paradigm is replaced with another. Kuhn argued that paradigms were "incommensurable", and initially described the conversion from one to another in ways that made paradigm choice seem non-rational [[CiteRef::Kuhn (1962)| pp. 111-135]]. He later suggested that paradigm choice was comparative and involved reasoned judgment guided by epistemic values that had remained fixed over history [[CiteRef:: Kuhn (1974)]].
Like Kuhn, [[Imre Lakatos]] saw theories as grouped into interrelated sets called '''research programs''' and saw their assessment as contextual. [[CiteRef:: Lakatos (1978)|pp. 47-67]] The theories comprising a research program were not accorded equal status. Its ''hard core'' consisted of the central tenets of the research program, and its ''protective belt'' of subsidiary theories or assumptions. Theories constituting the protective belt were modified or replaced as needed to account for new experimental findings with the goal of protecting the hard core of from falsification. He recognized that theories always face "an ocean of anomalies" but saw this as only becoming significant when a new rival theory makes a successful novel prediction. [[CiteRef::Lakatos (1971a)| pp. 111, 126-128]].
The later [[Larry Laudan]] agreed with the concept of comparative appraisal. [[CiteRef::Laudan (1984)]] In his '''reticulated model''' of science, theory choice is determined by the methods employed at the time. The methods in turn are shaped by the accepted theories. Laudan's reticulated model is an important precursor to modern scientonomy.
|History=Patton, Overgaard, and Barseghyan have proposed a modified [[The Second Law (Patton-Overgaard-Barseghyan-2017)|Second Law]] of Scientific Change that significantly modifies the way scientonomy believes scientific theories are appraised. They feel that their new Second Law better accommodates the possibility of an inconclusive result in the appraisal of a theory. [[CiteRef::Patton, Overgaard, and Barseghyan (2017)]] Their modified version of the Second Law has not been accepted yet by the scientonomy community.
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