Associations of Question

How is the class of question associated with other classes (and itself)? What aggregation, composition, or other association relations can exist between questions, as well as between a question and instances of other classes?

In the scientonomic context, this question was first formulated by William Rawleigh in 2018. The question is currently accepted as a legitimate topic for discussion by Scientonomy community. The following associations of Question are currently accepted in Scientonomy:

• A discipline has at least one core question.
  
• A discipline has at least one question. Each question can be included in any number disciplines.
  
• A question can have subquestions.
  
• A question can presuppose theories.
  
• A theory is an answer to a question.
  

Scientonomic History

Acceptance Record of the Question

Here is the complete acceptance record of this question (it includes all the instances when the question was accepted as a legitimate topic for discussion by a community):

Community	Accepted From	Acceptance Indicators	Still Accepted	Accepted Until	Rejection Indicators
Scientonomy	12 May 2018	The question of Associations of Question became accepted by virtue of the acceptance of Question. This is when Rawleigh's The Status of Questions in the Ontology of Scientific Change that offered a definition of question was published. This is a good indication that the question of how question is to be defined is considered legitimate by the community.	Yes

All Direct Answers

The following answers have been added to this encyclopedia:

Theory	Formulation	Formulated In
Theory Answers Question (Rawleigh-2018)	A theory is an answer to a question.	2018
Question Can Presuppose Theories (Barseghyan-Levesley-2019)	A question can presuppose theories.	2019
Question Can Have Subquestions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)	A question can have subquestions.	2021
Discipline Has Core Questions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)	A discipline has at least one core question.	2021
Discipline Has Questions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)	A discipline has at least one question. Each question can be included in any number disciplines.	2021

If a theory concerning the associations of a question is missing, please click here to add it.

Accepted Direct Answers

The following theories have been accepted as direct answers to this question:

Community	Theory	Formulation	Accepted From	Accepted Until
Scientonomy	Theory Answers Question (Rawleigh-2018)	A theory is an answer to a question.	26 September 2018
Scientonomy	Question Can Presuppose Theories (Barseghyan-Levesley-2019)	A question can presuppose theories.	15 May 2019
Scientonomy	Question Can Have Subquestions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)	A question can have subquestions.	21 February 2024
Scientonomy	Discipline Has Questions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)	A discipline has at least one question. Each question can be included in any number disciplines.	21 February 2024
Scientonomy	Discipline Has Core Questions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021)	A discipline has at least one core question.	21 February 2024

Suggested Modifications

Here is a list of modifications concerning this topic:

Modification	Community	Date Suggested	Summary	Date Assessed	Verdict	Verdict Rationale
Sciento-2018-0006	Scientonomy	8 October 2018	Accept the new ontology of epistemic elements with, theories and questions are the two basic epistemic elements where and each theory is an attempt to answer a certain question, theories can be of three types – descriptive, normative, or definitions, and methods are a subtype of normative theory.	1 September 2019	Accepted	Following a series of off-line discussions, a consensus emerged concerning this modification: it was agreed that the modification is to be accepted.c1 It was mentioned that most of the elements of this new ontology "has already been accepted by the scientonomic community".c2 It was also stressed that "the consensus has been manifested on several occasions, including the first scientonomy conference in May 2019 in Toronto, where several of the presenters treated this new ontology as accepted."c3 The fact that the consensus concerning this modification has been achieved primarily off-line, i.e. outside of the discussion pages of this encyclopedia suggests that the scientonomic "workflow must have a way of accommodating these discussions".c4
Sciento-2021-0006	Scientonomy	1 August 2021	Accept new definitions of subquestion, core question, core theory, discipline, delineating theory, subdiscipline, and discipline acceptance.	21 February 2024	Accepted	Prior to the 2024 workshop, Hakob Barseghyan commented on the encyclopedia indicating his support for accepting this modification and noted its potential to underpin further work on discipline dynamics. In fact, a significant amount of observational scientonomy work has been carried out in the past few years (including the paper on the rejection of alchemy by Friesen and Patton (2023),1 as well as some more recent papers) that presupposes the acceptance of these definitions, despite the fact that the modification containing them formally remains open. There was very little discussion about the modification, beyond raising points for the community to look forward to in the future, like a brief discussion between Jamie Shaw and Paul Patton about the need for more research on the difference between disciplines and disciplinary communities. The modification was accepted unanimously with 18 votes.

Current View

In Scientonomy, the following associations of Question are currently accepted:

• A discipline has at least one core question.
  
• A discipline has at least one question. Each question can be included in any number disciplines.
  
• A question can have subquestions.
  
• A question can presuppose theories.
  
• A theory is an answer to a question.
  

Theory Answers Question (Rawleigh-2018) states: "A theory is an answer to a question."

Question Can Presuppose Theories (Barseghyan-Levesley-2019) states: "A question can presuppose theories."

Question Can Have Subquestions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021) states: "A question can have subquestions."

A question can be a subquestion of another question. See Subquestion.

Discipline Has Core Questions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021) states: "A discipline has at least one core question."

According to Patton and Al-Zayadi, a discipline is characterized by its core questions. This implies that each discipline has at least one core question. They also clarify that a question can be a core question of more than one discipline.2

Discipline Has Questions (Patton-Al-Zayadi-2021) states: "A discipline has at least one question. Each question can be included in any number disciplines."

According to Patton and Al-Zayadi, a discipline involves at least one question, while each question can be within the scope of any number of disciplines.2