Difference between revisions of "The Theory of Scientific Change"

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'''Theory of Scientific Change''' (TSC) is a descriptive theory that attempts to explain changes in a [[Scientific Mosaic|scientific mosaic]], i.e. transitions from one [[theory]] to the next and one [[method]] to the next. The current theory of scientific change explains many different aspects of the process such as [[The Second Law|theory acceptance]] and [[The Third Law|method employment]], [[The First Law|scientific inertia]] and [[The Zeroth Law|compatibility]], [[Mosaic Split and Merge|splitting and merging of scientific mosaics]], [[Scientific Underdeterminism|scientific underdeterminism]], [[Static and Dynamic Methods|changeability of scientific methods]], role of [[Sociocultural Factors|sociocultural factors]], and more. 
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The original Theory of Scientific Change proposed by Barseghyan in 2015 is a set consisting of the following claims:
  
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== Prehistory ==
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'''Definitions'''
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<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 
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Prehistory here
 
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</div>
 
  
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== History ==
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* [[Theory (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Method (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Methodology (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Scientific Mosaic (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Scientific Change (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Mosaic Merge (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Acceptance Criteria (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Compatibility Criteria (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Demarcation Criteria (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Theory Acceptance (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Theory Use (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Theory Pursuit (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Employed Method (Barseghyan-2015)]]
  
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== Current View ==
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'''Ontology'''
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===What is the theory of scientific change?===
 
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[[File:Scientific change.jpg|right|500px]]
 
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The ''theory of scientific change (TSC)'' is a general descriptive social scientific theory of the actual process of [[Scientific_Change|''scientific change'']] stated in axiomatic deductive form. It is the founding theory of the new field of [[Scientonomy|scientonomy]]. It was proposed by Hakob Barseghyan in 2015 in his book 'The Laws of Scientific Change'.
 
  
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====Methods====
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* [[Theory Is a Subtype of Epistemic Element (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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As in the later works of Larry Laudan (Laudan, 1984), the TSC rejects the idea of a fixed universal scientific method, and accepts the idea that the methods of science have changed over time. This rejection is based on clear evidence from the history of science that the methods of science have, in fact, changed (Barseghyan, 2015, p. 3-21). In contrast to most earlier views of the process of scientific change, TSC draws a clear distinction between methods, which are the implicit standards actually used in theory assessment, and the normative epistemic methodologies espoused by scientists or philosophers of science. The TSC takes normative methodological prescriptions to be outside its scope. It seeks a purely descriptive account of the methods employed by scientists to assess theories (Barseghyan, 2015, p. 12-21). Following the resolution of logical problems by Sebastian (2016), it also views the descriptive study of scientific methodologies, and their relationship to employed methods, as within its scope. The TSC rejects Kuhn (1977)and Laudan's (1984) distinction between values and methods, asserting that values can more parsimoniously be included within the category of methods. Thus, the value of predictive accuracy is instead seen as the method 'accept theories that are predictively accurate'.
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* [[Method Is a Subtype of Epistemic Element (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Descriptive Theory Is a Subtype of Theory (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Epistemic Stances Towards Theories - Theory Acceptance (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Epistemic Stances Towards Theories - Theory Pursuit (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Epistemic Stances Towards Theories - Theory Use (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Theory Acceptance Is a Subtype of Epistemic Stance (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Theory Use Is a Subtype of Epistemic Stance (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Theory Pursuit Is a Subtype of Epistemic Stance (Barseghyan-2015)]]
  
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====Theory appraisal====
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'''Dynamics'''
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The TSC draws a distinction between the process of scientific theory construction, in which new theories are generated or constructed, and that of theory appraisal, in which theories are evaluated. It seeks a descriptive account of the process of theory appraisal, but does not view the process of theory construction as a necessary part of its scope (Barseghyan, 2015, p. 21-30). The TSC seeks to clearly categorize the stances that a scientific community can take towards a theory.  It posits three such stances: acceptance, use, and pursuit. A theory is said to be accepted if it is taken to be the
 
  
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Based on strong empirical evidence from the history of science, it accepts the premise that the methods of science have changed over time.
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* [[The First Law (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[The Second Law (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[The Third Law (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[The Zeroth Law (Harder-2015)]]
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* [[Theory Rejection theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Method Rejection theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Synchronism of Method Rejection theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Contextual Appraisal theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Necessary Method theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Dogmatism No Theory Change theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Methodology Can Shape Method theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Asynchronism of Method Employment theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [Sociocultural Factors in Theory Acceptance theorem (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[The Zeroth Law (Harder-2015)]]
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* [[The Zeroth Law (Harder-2015)]]
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* [[The Zeroth Law (Harder-2015)]]
  
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It begins by positing the existence of a [[Scientific_Mosaic|''scientific mosaic'']] consisting of accepted [[Theory|''theories'']] and employed [[Method|''methods'']]. Scientific change is the process by which the contents of the mosaic are altered over time.
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'''Second Order'''
  
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=== Axioms ===
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* [[The Second Law (Barseghyan-2015) is Tautological (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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====Zeroth Law====
 
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[[File: The_Zeroth_Law.png |center|407px]]
 
  
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====First Law====
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'''Metatheory'''
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[[File:First-law-general.jpg|center|407px]]
 
  
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====Second Law====
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* [[Scope of Scientonomy - Descriptive (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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[[File: The_Second_Law.png |center|407px]]
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* [[Scope of Scientonomy - Appraisal (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Scope of Scientonomy - Acceptance (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Scope of Scientonomy - Social (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Scope of Scientonomy - All Fields (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Scope of Scientonomy - All Scales (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Scope of Scientonomy - All Time Periods (Barseghyan-2015)]]
  
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====Third Law====
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* [[Response to the Argument from Changeability of Scientific Method (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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[[File:The_Third_Law.png|center|407px]]
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* [[Response to the Argument from Nothing Permanent (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Response to the Argument from Bad Track Record (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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* [[Response to the Argument from Social Construction (Barseghyan-2015)]]
  
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=== Theorems ===
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* [[Assessment of Scientonomy - Relevant Facts (Barseghyan-2015)]]
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====Rejection of Elements====
 
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====Contextual Appraisal====
 
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====Scientific Underdeterminism====
 
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====Mosaic Split and Mosaic Merge====
 
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====Static and Dynamic Methods====
 
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====Sociocultural Factors====
 
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====The role of Methodology====
 
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== Open Questions ==
 
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• Question 1
 
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• Question 2
 
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== Related Articles ==
 
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[[Scientific Mosaic]]
 
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== Notes ==
 
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<references />
 

Latest revision as of 21:48, 19 February 2023

The original Theory of Scientific Change proposed by Barseghyan in 2015 is a set consisting of the following claims:

Definitions

Ontology

Dynamics

Second Order

Metatheory

References

  1. a b  Sady, Wojciech. (2016) Ludwik Fleck. In Zalta (Ed.) (2016). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/fleck/.
  2. a b  Fleck, Ludwik. (1979) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. University of Chicago Press.
  3. a b Kuhn (1962) 
  4. ^  Bird, Alexander. (2011) Thomas Kuhn. In Zalta (Ed.) (2016). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/thomas-kuhn/.
  5. ^ Feyerabend (1975) 
  6. ^  Lakatos, Imre. (1970) Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. In Lakatos (1978a), 8-101.
  7. ^  Grobler, Adam. (1990) Between Rationalism and Relativism: On Larry Laudan's Model of Scientific Rationality. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 41 (4), 493-507.
  8. a b c d Laudan (1984) 
  9. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj  Barseghyan, Hakob. (2015) The Laws of Scientific Change. Springer.
  10. a b  Sebastien, Zoe. (2016) The Status of Normative Propositions in the Theory of Scientific Change. Scientonomy 1, 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.scientojournal.com/index.php/scientonomy/article/view/26947.
  11. ^ Kuhn (1977) 

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